Monitoring and Quantitative Human Risk Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Using Integrated Satellite–UAV–Ground Survey Approach

Landfills are the dominant method of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in many developing countries, which extremely susceptible to failure under circumstances high pore water pressure and insufficient compaction. Catastrophic landfill failures have occurred worldwide, causing large numbers fatalities. Tianziling landfill, one largest engineered sanitary landfills China, has experienced massive deformation since January 2020, making early identification monitoring great significance for purpose risk management. The human posed by potential also needs be quantitatively evaluated. interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, ground measurements were combined obtain data this study. integrated satellite–UAV–ground survey (ISUGS) approach ensures a comprehensive understanding evolution. characteristics obtained using InSAR technique UAV photogrammetry analyzed compared. A close relationship between most severe mobility events, precipitation episodes, was observed. Based on hazard ISUGS, quantitative assessment (QRA) F-N curves proposed, can applied landfills. comparison showed that ISUGS allowed better spatial temporal evolution more accurate QRA results, could as references local governments take effective precautions.